EXISTING SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND STRENGHT IN KARACHI

Available information regarding manpower and Distbins (Table-1)

GARBAGE GENERATION

PART I: EXISTING SITUATION

COMPOSITION OF WASTE

The types of wastes or garbage generated are: household, commercial, institutional and street sweepings. Sanitary workers sweep streets and provide a primary waste collection service.

Major markets where organic waste is generated are: Vegetable market: 100 tones per day (TPD) and Empress market: 70 TPD

High-income localities generate garbage:

Low-income localities generate garbage: Garden Waste: maximum  5% Organic Waste:     40%

The composition of garbage generated in Karachi is given in the Table 1 below.

Recyclable:               15%

Table 1: Composition of garbage generated in Karachi.

In addition to the above-mentioned amount, another few millions can be added from the sale of bones, leather, rubber, etc and composing of Bio-waste

Generation rate – per person

According to survey carried out in 1005: Waste generation rate: 300 grams/person/day

At another place the rate is given as: 0.5 kg / capita / day

It is also given that garbage generation ranges from 0.2 to 18 kg / capita / day in various Town Municipalities (TMAs). This variation in generation rates data poses an anomalous situation.

Also given is:

300 grams                 in document

Another approach is to have garbage generation rate per capita as:

Generation rate, g/person/day for: (1) Average and (2) low-mid-high income groups Then population has to be found for: (1) low-mid-high income groups and (2) total population

Population Data

The population data of Karachi is as given in Table 2 below. Also population figures from various sources are given.

1                    14 million

2                    15.12 million                                     ECIL, KMP team, 2006

3                    15 million                                           Jawed K, 2005

Population                                                    14 million

Annual Population growth rate                 4.5 %

Table 2 tentative Population Projections of Towns of Karachi – Scenario – B (Provincial)

Garbage generation rate – tons/day and tons/year

Total household waste generated:           4500 TPD Total City waste generated:                                         7259 TPD

Total city lifting capacity:                             1880 TPD/450 vehicle/ 3 trips Amount of Sold Waste Generated, (Present)             9000 tons/day

Number of Towns                                                    18

Number of UCs                                                        178

Average Solid Waste Generation / Town            400 tons/day Average Sold Waste Generation / UC                                           40 tons / day Solid Waste generation excluding industrial and Biological SW Based on 6113 TPD

6113 TPD

Table-3: Solid waste generation in Karachi – 2006 at household level

Source: SWM CDGK

Waste source-reduction and segregation

No information is available on this subject. It is unlikely that this activity is done here as a normal practice by wide section of the population in Karachi.

There are three types of wastes: domestic, industrial and Hospital commercial Garden wastes.

Waste primarily falls into two categories: hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste (for municipal solid waste – MSW). Waste that does not fall into these two categories is called special or other waste.

The Waste Hierarchy

Waste hierarchy means classification, according to the facet of ‘desirability’, of waste management strategies. The strategies could be to reduce waste or to reuse recovery waste or inaheration to recycle waste, the ‘3 Rs’ of waste management. Another recent strategy is to ‘Re-think’ or review the present system for an improved system. Whatever the classification, the main and sole object of waste management is to treat and dispose waste completely or minimize if from the environment, to safeguard the health of the community.

Concurrently, the supplementary object is to extract maximum benefits from the waste by turning it in to a useful product.

COMPOSITION OF WASTE

In future, there will be increasing quantities of plastic, non-disposal waste and toxic waste in our households, which will require new and much more expensive ways of disposal. Waste generation industries, i.e. industries that make non-degradable products are a problem of SWM.

Waste type-quality: Use of urban waste could decline due to the contamination in it, particularly of plastics. Research to be conducted on the quality of waste as soil amendment, generation and on recovery and treatment of solid waste.

Take the case of UK.

The composition of house waste (8% of total) is given in the figure below, which shows: Kitchen waste 17%, garden waste 21%, paper waste 18%, i.e., 56% of total.

Types of wastes

The various types of wastes, which are generated, are: ‘Municipal waste’ includes: household waste, street litter, municipal parks and gardens waste, offices waste and some commercial and industrial wastes. The originators, to separate ‘ recyclable or compositing’ wastes, sometimes sort out municipal waste. The remaining waste, called ‘residual waste’, is collected in special containers, provided by the local authority.

Table – Household waste

B. Population

The population projections are as follows:

EXISTING AND TENTATIVE POPULATION PROJECTION FOR THE TOWNS OF KARACHI FOR THE YEAR 2005, 2010, 2015 & 2020

(SCENARIO – D)

Declining Average Annual Growth Rate from 5.0% to 3.5%               (Table-4)

C.                Waste generation rates   GPD/person, TPD/zone & TPY/zone

Waste type – Quantity: Waste generation is related with consumption and consumption is related with income. Rural consumers consume less so lesser waste is generated than urban consumers.

Composition of solid waste and generation is shown in this report.

Solid Waste generation is calculated on the basis of population projection.

1.      Declining Average Annual growth rate scenario – D

2.      Estimate gross population capacity

3.      combination of annual growth rate and gross population capacity for the new towns.

Amount of waste

Solid Waste Management and Disposal has been design on the basis of population projection option – II AS shown in this report however the calculation are shown of all the three options for comparison purpose.

In advance countries the amount of waste generated is enormous. We cannot emulate them because of our backwardness. But, it is useful to know a bit about how their waste is dealt with. We could try to establish basic systems, as in advance countries, for our future generations to come.

Take the case of UK. ‘It is estimated that nearly 36 million tones / yr of municipal waste was generated in the UK in 2002/03. A total of 30 million tones/yr of this waste was collected from households. That’s about 500 kg/yr or half a tonne of household waste per person! (2003)’. It is important to note that in Karachi 200 kg per year of solid waste can not be dealt.

Garbage collection

PART I EXISTING SITUATION

The population of Karachi is 15.15 million in 2005 and it has an area of 425,529 acres. The number of agencies involved with solid waste management (SWM) are a total of 210, the break up being as follows:

Town Municipal Administration (TMA): 18 Union Councils (UCs): 178

City District Government Karachi (CDGK): 1 Cantonment Boards: 11

Karachi Port Trust: 1 Pakistan Steel Mills: 1 Port Qasim: 1

Sindh Industrial Trading Estate: 1 Export Processing Zone: 1

A.                 Garbage collection services

In Karachi, in 18 towns, 2006:

(refer Table 2)

estimated garbage collected: 5057 TPD (tons per day) estimated garbage not collected: 1057 TPD

•      Annual Expenditure            Rs 800 million

•      Lifting Capacity                    50% In each Town and UC,

B.                Garbage collection – primary collection

One stage collection

Primary stage collection of garbage is from house hold to dust bin sites, (‘kachra kundi’).

This is done in the following ways:

Garbage is collected in stages, which ultimately lead to its collection at one point for a fixed zone. From this point, garbage is disposed to landfill sites. But this may not be case for all cities. For instance, in Karachi, the garbage collection system is as follows:

Stage 1: From house → resident travels to dispose garbage → to dust bins

Stage 2: From dust bins → municipality vehicles dispose of garbage → to landfill sites OR → to unofficial dumping ground (Primary transportation, 2-3 trips a day, long trips)

This is the most uneconomical way of SWM because the distance to landfill site is long and several vehicles have to make this long trips several times a day. Considering the large amount of waste and the cost of fuel and O&M, not all waste is disposed of.

Table 2: Details of garbage collection

The following problems arise in Karachi in primary collection: Poor attendance of sanitary workers.

Gradual decrease in number of dust bins, as a large number of garbage containers

(Katchra Kundi) are in the workshop for repairs.

Haphazard accumulation of garbage on streets, in open spaces and in drains.

Primary stage collection, from house hold to dust bin sites, involves the following problems:

It may be mentioned that the uncollected waste usually finds it way in sewers, is eaten by the cattle, or left to rot in the open, or burnt on roadsides. These are harmful practices.

Two stage collection Garbage collection-record

Garbage collection equipment Vehicles    550

Garbage collection manpower Staff     15188

Poor attendance of sanitary workers. Privatized transport system

Benefits of privatization:

Regarding a successful contract in Shah Faisal Town, the contractor has performed well and lifted 100% garbage. He used less than 50% of TMA’s garbage vehicles, which were rented to him. He ensured a minimum of three trips daily by each vehicle

to the landfill. There was no intervention of labor unions. Prompt redresses of public complaints were undertaken.

Short Comings:

The tonnage rate of Rs 269 /ton is on the higher side as compared to some of the other TMAs. The contractor dumped garbage at undesignated and un-monitored landfill sites.

TMA, Gulshan-e-Iqbal awarded a contract in 2006 for transportation of garbage from a temporary garbage transfer station to landfill site. This contract is still in force.

HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

For hospitals:

Generation rate is : 3 to 4 kg/bed/day in document.

900 beds at one place it is given 900. At another place, total beds = 4367 in 143 hospitals and 1094 HCUs = 1237. Which is correct? Needs investigation.

Hospital waste:

The handling of hospital waste, or ‘Bio-Medical Waste;, has assumed importance because of spreading such dangerous disease as AIDS. On way to manage this important issue is to make the hospital personnel aware of the dangers and the need for seriously taking the management of this waste for safe handling and disposal. Internet could be used very effectively for this purpose. A web site could be established to disseminate information for the doctors and hospital staff to read it at any time at their convenience.

2.       HOSPITAL WASTE

Ref. CDGK SWM Expert, “Presentation on Karachi’s solid waste system”, 2006.

Total no. of hospitals in Karachi               200

Total no. of beds                                          900

Waste generation rate of hospital             3-4 kg/bed/day Approximately generation of hospital waste                     2700 kg/day Hazardous waste component                                                                540 kg/day

Non hazardous waste component                       2160 kg/day Health care units (HCU) identified by TMAs                                      1379

The table-1 below gives the details of HCUs.

Only 140 HCU dispose off their waste through incineration plants run by City Government (CG). The remaining HCU dispose off their waste along with the municipal waste. This poses a health hazard.

The reasons of health hazards are –a- Non-registration of HCUs either with Health Department Government of Sindh or with City Govt. and –b- Non-presence of Environment Protection Agency of Sindh at grassroot level.

Incinerators

The CD installed two incineration plants at Mewa Shah in 1996. Each has a capacity of 1000 kg/hour. Incineration take place at 800 ˚C in 10 minutes. At present 140 hospitals/clinics are incinerating their waste through these incinerators.